محمد سعد
محفلین
کل عورت کی گواہی آدھی ہونے کے حوالے سے کوئی پوسٹ نظر سے گزری۔ اس میں کوئی صاحب اس کی وجہ عورت کی یادداشت کا ناقص ہونا بتا رہے تھے۔ پوسٹ کی جزئیات تو اب یاد نہیں لیکن اس کی وجہ سے اٹھنے والا سوال ذہن میں رہ گیا۔ میں چونکہ عالم دین تو نہیں ہوں چنانچہ اس نکتہ نظر سے جو بات ہے وہ میں نہیں جانتا۔ البتہ جہاں تک یادداشت کی صلاحیت میں کسی قسم کے فرق کی بات ہے تو اس دعوے کو خالصتاً سائنسی طریقے سے اکٹھے کیے گئے ڈیٹا کی مدد سے پرکھا جا سکتا ہے۔ چنانچہ اس کے حوالے سے کچھ تلاش کی۔
تلاش کے نتیجے میں جو نتائج سامنے آئے، ان کا خلاصہ کرنے کے لیے کچھ ریسرچ پیپرز کے اقتباسات پیش کر رہا ہوں۔
جیسا کہ واضح طور پر دیکھا جا سکتا ہے، حقیقی دنیا کا ڈیٹا عورت کو یادداشت کے معاملے میں کسی طرح سے کمتر ظاہر نہیں کر رہا۔ یادداشت کی کارکردگی میں مجموعی طور پر کوئی قابل ذکر فرق نہیں دیکھا گیا۔ نیورولوجیکل سطح پر دونوں کی یادداشت کو پراسیس کرنے کی سٹریٹجی میں فرق ہے لیکن عملی طور پر اس سٹریٹجی کی وجہ سے کارکردگی پر کوئی فرق نہیں آتا۔
ایسے میں یہ سوال میرے لیے ایک معمہ ہی ہے کہ عورت کے ناقص العقل ہونے اور اس کی یادداشت کے ناقابل اعتبار ہونے پر اتنا شدید اصرار کیوں کیا جاتا ہے۔
تلاش کے نتیجے میں جو نتائج سامنے آئے، ان کا خلاصہ کرنے کے لیے کچھ ریسرچ پیپرز کے اقتباسات پیش کر رہا ہوں۔
[1]
There were no differences between men and women with regard to age or education, or on a measure of global intellectual functioning. As has been demonstrated previously, men outperformed women on a visuospatial task and women outperformed men on tests of verbal fluency. In addition, the results demonstrated that women consistently performed at a higher level than did men on the episodic memory tasks, although there were no differences between men and women on the tasks assessing semantic memory, primary memory, or priming.
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Herlitz, A., Nilsson, L.-G., & Bäckman, L. (1997). Gender differences in episodic memory. Memory & Cognition, 25(6), 801–811. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211324
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[2]
These results are in general accordance with the view that males and females differ in the cognitive strategies they use to process information. Specifically, they could differ in their abilities to maintain information over interference and in the processing of the intrinsic contextual attributes of items, respectively, associated with the modulation of two anterior components. These interpretations lend support to the view that processing in females entails more detailed elaboration of information content than in males. Processing in males is more likely driven by schemas or overall information theme.
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Guillem, F., & Mograss, M. (2005). Gender differences in memory processing: Evidence from event-related potentials to faces. Brain and Cognition, 57(1), 84–92. Redirecting
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[3]
After writing out advice, on a surprise memory test women recalled more emotional information than men in all focus conditions with no deficit in neutral recall. Women recalled more neutral information than men in the neutral focus condition. A measure of emotional sensitivity mediated the gender difference in emotional recall suggesting that memory for emotional information is not solely a function of gender.
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Bloise, S. M., & Johnson, M. K. (2007). Memory for emotional and neutral information: Gender and individual differences in emotional sensitivity. Memory, 15(2), 192–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701204456
---
[4]
On the behavioral level, there were no significant gender differences in memory performance or emotional intensity of memories. [...] The data show gender‐related differential neural activations within the network subserving autobiographical memory in both genders. We suggest that the differential activations may reflect gender‐specific cognitive strategies during access to autobiographical memories that do not necessarily affect the behavioral level of memory performance and emotionality.
-
Piefke, M., Weiss, P. H., Markowitsch, H. J., & Fink, G. R. (2005). Gender differences in the functional neuroanatomy of emotional episodic autobiographical memory. Human Brain Mapping, 24(4), 313–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20092
---
There were no differences between men and women with regard to age or education, or on a measure of global intellectual functioning. As has been demonstrated previously, men outperformed women on a visuospatial task and women outperformed men on tests of verbal fluency. In addition, the results demonstrated that women consistently performed at a higher level than did men on the episodic memory tasks, although there were no differences between men and women on the tasks assessing semantic memory, primary memory, or priming.
-
Herlitz, A., Nilsson, L.-G., & Bäckman, L. (1997). Gender differences in episodic memory. Memory & Cognition, 25(6), 801–811. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211324
---
[2]
These results are in general accordance with the view that males and females differ in the cognitive strategies they use to process information. Specifically, they could differ in their abilities to maintain information over interference and in the processing of the intrinsic contextual attributes of items, respectively, associated with the modulation of two anterior components. These interpretations lend support to the view that processing in females entails more detailed elaboration of information content than in males. Processing in males is more likely driven by schemas or overall information theme.
-
Guillem, F., & Mograss, M. (2005). Gender differences in memory processing: Evidence from event-related potentials to faces. Brain and Cognition, 57(1), 84–92. Redirecting
---
[3]
After writing out advice, on a surprise memory test women recalled more emotional information than men in all focus conditions with no deficit in neutral recall. Women recalled more neutral information than men in the neutral focus condition. A measure of emotional sensitivity mediated the gender difference in emotional recall suggesting that memory for emotional information is not solely a function of gender.
-
Bloise, S. M., & Johnson, M. K. (2007). Memory for emotional and neutral information: Gender and individual differences in emotional sensitivity. Memory, 15(2), 192–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701204456
---
[4]
On the behavioral level, there were no significant gender differences in memory performance or emotional intensity of memories. [...] The data show gender‐related differential neural activations within the network subserving autobiographical memory in both genders. We suggest that the differential activations may reflect gender‐specific cognitive strategies during access to autobiographical memories that do not necessarily affect the behavioral level of memory performance and emotionality.
-
Piefke, M., Weiss, P. H., Markowitsch, H. J., & Fink, G. R. (2005). Gender differences in the functional neuroanatomy of emotional episodic autobiographical memory. Human Brain Mapping, 24(4), 313–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20092
---
جیسا کہ واضح طور پر دیکھا جا سکتا ہے، حقیقی دنیا کا ڈیٹا عورت کو یادداشت کے معاملے میں کسی طرح سے کمتر ظاہر نہیں کر رہا۔ یادداشت کی کارکردگی میں مجموعی طور پر کوئی قابل ذکر فرق نہیں دیکھا گیا۔ نیورولوجیکل سطح پر دونوں کی یادداشت کو پراسیس کرنے کی سٹریٹجی میں فرق ہے لیکن عملی طور پر اس سٹریٹجی کی وجہ سے کارکردگی پر کوئی فرق نہیں آتا۔
ایسے میں یہ سوال میرے لیے ایک معمہ ہی ہے کہ عورت کے ناقص العقل ہونے اور اس کی یادداشت کے ناقابل اعتبار ہونے پر اتنا شدید اصرار کیوں کیا جاتا ہے۔
